Resumen

Migrazioek lortu al dezakete garapena sustatzea jatorrizko zein helmugako lurraldeetan? Denak irabazle aterako diren win-win agertokia posible ote da? Eskuarki, ezezkoa da erantzuna. Ezintasuna ez dagokio immigrazioari, garapen aukerari berari baino. Aspaldi erakutsi zuten buru argitsuenek azpigarapena garapenaren halabeharrezko emaitza zela. Garapena/azpigarapena prozesu berbera da. Bata eta bestea elkarri loturik daude, banatu ezinik. Immigrazioa eta garapena elkar elikatze aldera, ekonomia eta mundu-sistemaren baldintza eta faktoreak asimetria eta desorekaz beterik daude. Hasieratik, gainera, desoreka eta ezberdintasunak daudelako gertatzen dira migrazio-fluxuak. Migrazioak ez dira oreka testuinguru batean sortzen, eta ezin da alde batera utzi azken urteetan eredu neoliberalak barne-ezberdintasunak handitu baino ez dituela egin garatu gabe dauden herrialde gehienen kontra. Zenbait kasutan eta baldintza jakinetan, zirkuluaren koadratura mugatuak lor litezke, baina emaitza horiek ezin dira orokortu. Familia- eta komunitate-estrategiak sustatzeko balio badute ere, ezin dute egitura aldaketarik sustatu. Hau da, onura eskasak dakartza jatorrian, nagusiagoak helmugako lurraldeetan, eta, kasu gehienetan, beti ez esatearren, helmugako lurraldea ateratzen da garaile immigrazioaren eta garapenaren arteko harremanean.
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Can migrations foster development in both their source and destination countries? Is a winwin scenario possible? In general, the answer is no, not so much because of immigration itself, but rather due to development opportunities. For many years, experts have told us that underdevelopment is an inevitable and necessary part of development. In other words, development/underdevelopment are one and the same process. They are intrinsically linked. To enable a feedback loop between immigration and development, the conditions and factors of the economy and the world system are replete with asymmetries and imbalances. Moreover, right from the very first moment, migratory flows are indeed the result of these imbalances and inequalities. Migration does not occur in a balanced context, and we cannot afford to overlook the fact that, over recent years, the neoliberal model has done nothing but exacerbate internal inequalities, to the detriment of developing countries. In some cases, and under very specific circumstances, it is possible to square the circle, but this is extremely rare. As long as immigration helps families (and communities) to achieve their goals, it cannot hope to bring about meaningful change to the underlying structure of the situation. In other words, immigration brings scarce benefit to the country of origin, and much greater benefit to the destination country, and in most (if not all) cases, it is the destination country that emerges victorious from relationship between immigration and development.